Dissolved-Oxygen Concentrations In Pond Aquaculture

Summary:

Various studies suggested that maintaining minimum daily dissolved-oxygen concentrations above 3 mg/L in channel catfish and penaeid shrimp ponds assures better feed consumption and growth than possible in ponds with lower concentrations. It is not clear how feed conversion is affected by low early-morning dissolved-oxygen levels. Tilapia tolerate lower dissolved- oxygen levels than catfish and shrimp, but concentrations should not fall below 1 mg/L in tilapia ponds.

Low dissolved-oxygen concentration is recognized as a major cause of stress, poor appetite, slow growth, disease susceptibility and mortality in aquaculture animals. It is generally accepted that the minimum daily dissolved-oxygen concentration in pond culture systems is of greatest concern.

Dissolved-oxygen levels can be high during most of a 24-hour period, but the response of culture species appears to be affected primarily by the lowest dissolvedoxygen concentration during the night. Nevertheless, accepted minimum dissolvedoxygen criteria for warmwater aquaculture species have not been developed.

Considerable data are available on the effects of dissolved-oxygen concentration on warmwater culture species, especially channel catfish, penaeid shrimp and tilapia. For example, a literature review conducted by scientists of the United States Environmental Protection Agency considered the growth of fish at different minimum daily dissolved-oxygen concentrations.

The review indicated that at concentrations below 50% of saturation, growth rates declined and became progressively less as the minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased. At a water temperature of 26° C, freshwater at 50% oxygen saturation contains about 4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. This concentration is probably higher than realistically can be maintained in the early morning in most warmwater aquaculture ponds.

Studies Catfish:

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Georgia revealed that channel catfish held at 36 and 60% of dissolved-oxygen saturation ate and grew less than catfish held at 100% of saturation. In one trial, fish held at 60% saturation converted feed to biomass more effectively than fish held at 36% saturation, but there was no difference in feedconversion ratios from 36 and 60% saturation treatments in another trial. At 26° C in freshwater, 36 and 60% saturation equate to dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 2.91 and 4.85 mg/L, respectively.

Figure 1. Relationship between early-morning dissolved-oxygen concentration and feed conversion in catfish ponds.

Average Minimum Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mg/L)	Survival (%)	Production (kg/ha)	Feed-Conversion Ratio
2.32	42	2,976	2.64
2.96	55	3,631	2.21
3.89	61	3,975	1.96

Table 1. Effects of minimum daily dissolved-oxygen concentration on shrimp production.

 

Treatment	Survival (%)	Average size (g)	Production (kg/ha)
No aeration	87	194	3,404
10% saturation	80	229	4,133
20% saturation	91	235	4,269

Table 2. Effects of  dissolved-oxygen saturation at initiation of aeration in tilapia ponds

Studies at Auburn University with channel catfish showed that survival, production and feed-conversion ratios (FCRs) were better in ponds where average minimum daily oxygen concentrations did not fall below 3.5 mg/L. Feed conversion was particularly influenced by early morning dissolved-oxygen concentrations (Figure 1). Fish were fed according to a feeding table without adjustment for poor appetite or mortality

The lower FCR in response to greater morning dissolved-oxygen concentration in these trials resulted partially from overfeeding in the ponds, where lower dissolved- oxygen concentrations led to less feed intake and greater mortality. Oftentimes, moderate mortality of cultured animals in pond systems goes undetected, and feed is applied as if the mortality had not occurred. The relationship underscores the importance of adjusting feeding rates for fish appetite and mortality. When the extent of mortality is unknown, care should be exercised to avoid feeding more than fish will eat.

Work done by a U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist in Mississippi revealed that FCR was not affected by minimum daily dissolved-oxygen concentrations as low as 2 mg/L. However, fish ate more and grew better in ponds where dissolved oxygen levels did not fall below 3 mg/L.

Shrimp

In a shrimp-feeding experiment conducted at the Claude Peteet Mariculture Center in Alabama, USA, shrimp were stocked at 33 postlarvae/m2, and triplicate ponds were aerated at three rates to provide different morning dissolved-oxygen levels (Table 1). Survival, production and FCR improved in response to higher minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations.

However, as in the catfish experiments at Auburn University, shrimp in ponds with lower morning oxygen concentrations may have been overfed because of unseen and unknown higher mortality in the ponds. This event alone might have caused greater FCRs in the ponds with lower dissolved- oxygen concentrations.

Tilapia

A feeding experiment was conducted with tilapia in ponds in Honduras with three treatments: no mechanical aeration, the control; aerators turned on when dissolved- oxygen concentrations fell to 10% of saturation; and aerators turned on when dissolved oxygen dropped to 30% of saturation.

There was not a clear difference in survival among treatments, but fish were larger and production was higher in aeration treatments than in the control (Table 2). Fish size and production were similar in the two aeration treatments. Feed conversion was not reported.

Aeration

Aerated channel catfish and shrimp ponds often have minimum daily dissolved- oxygen concentrations below 3 mg/L, and many times concentrations are below 2 mg/L. The application of more aeration to increase oxygen concentration should improve survival, feed consumption and production, and might improve FCR.

Preliminary economic analyses show additional costs for electricity and fixed aerator costs would be more than offset by additional fish weight and revenue produced. Tilapia ponds often are not aerated, but aeration should be beneficial in ponds where dissolved-oxygen concentrations often fall below 1 mg/L

Author:

Claude E.  Boyd, Ph.D. - Department of Fisheries  and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Alabama 36849 USA boydce1@auburn.edu Terry Hanson, Ph.D. Auburn University