Raceway systems offer tools for EMS management

Concept has evolved to control animal health, water quality conditions

Shrimp raised in round tanks or concrete raceways after transfer from hatcheries gain weight and health before being stocked in ponds for final growout.

Shrimp raceway technology has been refined over the last eight years to improve production system efficiency. In parallel, producer interest has increased, as raceway systems can mitigate the adverse effects of poor weather and diseases.

In the early days, the raceway concept started with the objective of acclimatizing animals to growout system conditions. The concept has since evolved to control animal health and water quality conditions, to optimize and improve feeding efficiency, to improve survival during the first days of culture and to prevent exposure of the animals to disease vectors that can result in early outbreaks in ponds.

Raceway requirements

Shrimp are transferred from hatcheries at postlarval stages of P.L.6 to P.L.12, depending on farm salinity, and instead of being directly stocked into ponds, they are stocked in different-shaped tanks at farms at higher densities than in growout ponds. The raceways typically operate with zero water exchange.

The higher stocking densities and zero water exchange demand higher technology, more infrastructure, increased biosecurity, and additional controls and tools. Raceways require filtration systems, efficient aeration systems, good water quality, the use of microorganisms, siphoning, temperature control, greenhouse structures and better feeds – all with the objective of keeping a stable environment for strong, healthy animals.

Another benefit of these systems takes advantage of the compensatory growth that occurs when Litopenaeus vannamei are finally stocked in growout ponds. Compensatory growth reduces cycle length and improves feed conversion.

Raceways with zero water exchange employ filtration systems, aeration and other equipment to maintain a stable rearing environment.

Key factors

Once adequate raceway infrastructure is in place, a very important factor learned from experience in the different countries where the technology has been used is that the staff in charge of the raceways should have a hatchery background in order to maintain the required level of control.

The application of probiotics, microorganisms that have health benefits when consumed, is a key component in these systems. The protocols for the different probiotics must be adjusted depending on the biomass, water quality conditions and animal conditions.

To deal with organics, for example, 1 to 3 ppm of probiotic should be added every 72 hours. To deal with toxics, 2 to 5 ppm of probiotic should be added every 48 hours. For pathogens in water, 5 to 10 ppm of probiotic should be added until the pathogens are controlled. To deal with pathogens in the gut, 1-4 g probiotic/kg of feed should be added.

The feeds used in these systems have to be of hatchery quality. Trying to use growout-quality feeds impacts water quality and subsequently results in bacteriological problems that can lead to poor production performance and weak animals.

The last key component is having the tools and expertise to properly transfer the animals from the raceways to the ponds. Animals must be healthy and strong before transfer. Otherwise, all that was gained in the previous stage can be lost.

A lot of technology has been developed in this area. At the beginning, transfers were made with wet animals for short distances. Today, transfers are made to ponds up to 2 km away from the raceway units using specially designed pumps that minimize animal stress and mortalities.

The trend today is to lower densities in order to achieve higher weights in raceways. Biomasses of up to 7 kg/m3 have been achieved. Average results for weight and survival at different stocking densities and culture periods are summarized in Table 1.

Garcia, Average results for shrimp raised in raceways, Table 1

Density (shrimp/L)	Days	Survival (%)	Average Weight (g)
1.8	57	86	4.00
1.8	45	89	2.00
2.0	35	87	1.00
4.0	35	85	0.80
8.0	35	80	0.48
12.0	35	78	0.30
22.0	35	74	0.25

Table 1. Average results for shrimp raised in raceways at different stocking densities and for different culture periods.

Raceways in Mexico

The impacts of early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (EMS/AHPN) in Mexico have been severe. Production dropped approximately 50 percent in 2013. Based on previous experience with white spot syndrome (WSS), most farms tried to achieve large-size animals after the EMS outbreak, as they used to do after WSS affected farms. However, with EMS disease, pond populations continue to decrease and reduce final survival rates.

According to information supplied by Proaqua Mexico, a leading supplier of specialized aquaculture equipment and feeds, no EMS outbreaks have been reported in raceways, regardless of the time spent in the raceways. However, mortalities develop once animals are stocked in ponds.

With this experience and taking advantage of the large raceway infrastructure in Mexico, a few groups changed the production strategy for the second cycle. They lowered stocking densities, extended the days of culture in the raceways and then shortened growout cycles in the ponds to target smaller shrimp and more growout cycles.

Some of these farms stocked raceways at an average of 1.5 shrimp/L for 55 days, achieving 4.5-g weight and 80 percent survival. When stocked in growout ponds at an average of 6.5 animals/m2, the shrimp reached 16 to 18 g in 30 days of culture. The harvested animals reflected an average feed-conversion ratio (FCR) of 0.6 and average survival of 85 percent.

The farms managed to run four cycles in growout ponds with this approach. They produced over 3,000 kg/ha during 2013 with fewer days of culture and lower FCR.

Raceway infrastructure and methods vary regionally. Local adaptions are typically needed to achieve success.

Implementation elsewhere

Several attempts to transfer this concept to countries in Southeast Asia have yielded mixed results. Farmers have tried building raceways at farms, but with insufficient biosecurity, tools and technology, they encountered problems with size variation, survival and transfers.

Alternative ideas were put in place. Stocking in cages within ponds with no soil contact for the first 30 days reportedly avoided EMS outbreaks. Also, segregating young animals within a 20 to 30 percent section of ponds with nets and then releasing the shrimp to the remaining pond areas after 20 to 30 days has been reported to help.

A successful experience with the implementation of raceways has been reported in Malaysia with good production performance, successful transfer of the animals to growout ponds and successful harvest in a shorter pond cycle. There is still room to improve by adjusting feeding regimes, probiotic protocols and temperature conditions in order to achieved better weights in the raceways.