Understanding the oxygen demand of aquafeeds

Tác giả Claude E. Boyd, Ph.D. Sirirat Chatvijitkul, Ph.D, ngày đăng 26/04/2017

Proper aquafeed quality, management key to minimizing dissolved oxygen and stress levels

Formulated aquafeeds, if improperly managed, can create an unacceptable oxygen demand that can significantly reduce dissolved oxygen levels, stress cultured animals and cause pollution through effluents. Photo by Darryl Jory.

Feed allows a great increase in the amount of aquaculture production possible in a given volume of water. But feed also results in an oxygen demand that can cause unacceptably low dissolved oxygen concentrations is culture systems and pollution in water bodies receiving aquaculture effluents.

Fate of aquafeed and oxygen demand

A portion of the feed applied (usually 5 to 10 percent in fish culture and 20 to 40 percent in shrimp culture) goes uneaten (Fig. 1). Of the feed consumed by the culture animals, the smaller portion becomes biomass of the culture animals that are harvested. The larger portion is excreted as metabolites, mainly carbon dioxide, ammonia, and phosphate. Uneaten feed and feces are decomposed by bacteria and other microorganisms to the same metabolites produced by the culture animals.

The metabolites are plant nutrients and stimulate phytoplankton production in ponds or in water bodies containing aquaculture cages. Phytoplankton produce dissolved oxygen, but use oxygen in respiration, and when they die and decay, dissolved oxygen is required (Fig. 1). In the long run, the oxygen produced by phytoplankton photosynthesis is used in phytoplankton respiration or in the respiration of organisms decomposing phytoplankton or their remains.

Feed typically contains about 10 percent water (moisture), 10 percent mineral matter (ash), and 80 percent organic matter. Organic matter contains around 50% carbon, and the carbon concentration in feed is around 40 percent carbon [(1 kg feed X 0.8 kg organic matter/kg feed X 0.5 kg carbon/kg organic matter) X 100].

Organic and inorganic components of feed not contained in aquaculture animals at harvest or not removed from the culture system during the crop period enter the culture system. The organic carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide by the culture species and microorganisms that decompose uneaten feed and feces. The culture animals and microorganisms also excrete ammonia in the water that is nitrified to nitrate by certain bacteria.

The oxidation of organic matter by the culture species and by bacteria and other organisms of decay is a complex process involving glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle. However, the potential oxygen demand of the organic matter in feed can be calculated by the following simple equation:

Organic carbon + O2 ® CO2 + H2O.

Carbon has a molecular weight of 12 and the molecular weight of molecular oxygen (O2) is 32. Hence, 2.67 (32/12) kg of oxygen are needed to oxidize one kilogram of organic C.

Ammonia from the nitrogen in feed is oxidized by nitrifying bacteria by the following summary equation:

NH4+ + 2O2 ® NO3– + 2H+ + H2O.

One molecular weight of nitrogen weighs 14 grams and two molecules of oxygen weigh 64 grams. Hence, each molecule of ammonia oxidized to nitrate requires two molecules of molecular oxygen. Hence, each kilogram of ammonia nitrogen oxidized requires 4.57 (64/14) kg of molecular oxygen.

Because of the differences in typical FCE values for different aquacultured species, the feed oxygen demand for producing 1 kg of the culture animals varies considerably. Photo by Darryl Jory.

Calculating potential oxygen demand

It follows that the potential oxygen demand of feed can be calculated from the amounts of carbon and nitrogen in feed minus the amounts of these two elements in the culture species as follows:

Feed Oxygen Demand (kg O2/kg feed) = [(% carbon in feed/100) – (FCE)(% carbon in culture animals/100)]2.67 + [(% nitrogen in feed/100) – (FCE)(% nitrogen in culture animals/100)]4.57

where FCE = feed conversion efficiency (net kg culture species/ kg feed applied) or 1/feed conversion ratio (FCR). For example, if a feed contains 40 percent carbon and 6 percent nitrogen, and the culture animals contain 15 percent carbon and 2.75 percent nitrogen, and the FCE is 0.6, the feed oxygen demand will be:

Feed oxygen demand (kg O2/kg feed) = [40/100 – 0.6(15/100)]2.67 + [6/100 – 0.6(2.75/100)]4.57 = 0.828 + 0.199 = 1.03.

The feed oxygen demand will vary with feed composition, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and composition of the culture species. It usually will be slightly more than 1.0 kg O2/kg feed at typical FCE values as illustrated for some common species (Table 1). However, the feed oxygen demand for producing 1 kg of the culture animals varies considerably because of the differences in typical FCE values for different species.

Boyd, Feed Oxygen Demand, Table 1

Averages and standard deviations for feed oxygen demand (FOD) for 1 kg of feed.

Effect of feed conversion efficiency

The feed conversion efficiency has a rather minor effect on the feed oxygen demand (FOD) per kilogram of feed as illustrated in Table 2 using calculations of the feed and culture species composition from the example above. However, the FCE has a major influence on the amount of feed needed to produce a unit weight of the culture species.

Increasing the FCE from 0.5 to 0.7 (reducing FCR from 2.0 to 1.43) would lessen the input of feed to produce 5,000 kg of the culture species from 10,000 to 7,150 kg and reduce the total oxygen demand on the culture system from 10,800 kg O2 to 6,936 kg O2. This would decrease the amount of mechanical aeration required per unit of production. It also would provide considerable savings in feed costs.

The entire feed oxygen demand is not released into receiving water other than in the case of cage or net pen culture. In ponds, considerable oxygen demand is expressed within the pond itself – usually about 70-80 percent of the feed oxygen demand. In raceways and water recirculating systems some of the solids (uneaten feed and feces) are removed and disposed in terrestrial habitat.

Boyd, Feed Oxygen Demand, Table 2

The daily oxygen demand imposed by feeding in an aquaculture pond at different feed conversion efficiencies (FCRs). It is assumed that fish production at all FCE values is 5,000 kg.

Perspectives

There is not much that can be done to reduce the oxygen demand inherent in a kilogram of feed. However, by improving the FCE (or FCR), the feed needed to produce 1 kg of aquaculture animals in an aquaculture production system can be appreciably reduced. This will lower the oxygen demand imposed per unit of aquaculture production and lessen feed costs. It also will lessen the pollution potential per unit of aquaculture production.

Authors

CLAUDE E. BOYD, PH.D.